managementranepaУправленческое консультированиеAdministrative Consulting1726-11391816-8590Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration. North-West Institute of Management.10.22394/1726-1139-2021-12-152-165managementranepa-1852Research ArticleA LINEAA LINEAБезопасность границ в современном таможенном администрировании как организационный и управленческий принцип (кейс США)Border Security in Modern Customs Administration as an Organisational and Managerial Principle (US Case)ПодлесныйИ.PodlesnyI.

Подлесный Игорь - аспирант факультета экономики и финансов РАНХ осударственной службы при Президенте Российской Федерации, Исполнительный директор «Eurosim Travel».

Москва

Igor Podlesny - Graduate Student of the Faculty of Economics and Finance of the Russian Presidential Academy of NEPA, Executive Director of Eurosim Travel.

Moscow

ip@eurosim.travelРоссийская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте Российской ФедерацииРоссияRussian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public AdministrationRussian Federation202112012022012152165Copyright © Подлесный И., 20222022Подлесный И.Podlesny I.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.acjournal.ru/jour/article/view/1852

В статье предпринимается попытка комплексного рассмотрения механизмов управления границами. Данный вопрос анализируется автором с позиции различных научно-исследовательских подходов для всестороннего изучения организационной и функциональной природы этого явления. Приводятся причины трансформации процессов управления границами в современном мире, а также некоторые существенные угрозы и вызовы коллективной безопасности в условиях глобальной экономики. Автор фокусируется на североамериканском управленческом опыте, поскольку страны Северной Америки на сегодняшний день демонстрируют самую высокую продуктивность и инновационность в сфере управления границами и обеспечения безопасности товарооборота. В качестве основного вывода статьи можно привести тезис, согласно которому необходимое условие эффективного управления границами в современном мире — межгосударственное сотрудничество и интернациональная кооперация административных институтов и коммерческих организаций.

The article attempts to complex, systemic consideration of border management mechanisms. This question is analyzed by the author from the point of view of various research approaches for a comprehensive study of the organizational and functional nature of this phenomenon. The text gives the most pressing reasons for the transformation of border management processes in the modern world, as well as some significant threats and challenges to collective security in the global economy. The author focuses on North American management experience, as North American countries today demonstrate the highest productivity and innovation in border management and trade security. As the main conclusion of the article, we can cite the thesis that the necessary condition for effective border management in the modern world is interstate cooperation and international cooperation of administrative institutions and commercial organizations.

безопасностьуправление границамитаможенное администрированиевнешнеторговая деятельностьsecurityborder managementcustoms administrationforeign trade activitiesReferencesThe U. S. Customs Service was established by the Fifth Act of the First Congress on July31, 1789. About 1600–1799, U. S. Dep’t of Treas [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.treasury.gov (accessed: 20.10.2021).The U. S. Customs Service was established by the Fifth Act of the First Congress on July31, 1789. About 1600–1799, U. S. Dep’t of Treas [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.treasury.gov (accessed: 20.10.2021).Frost R. Mending Wall // The Poetry of Robert Frost: The Collected Poems, Complete and Unabridged 33. New York : Edward Connery Lathem ed., 1969.Frost R. Mending Wall // The Poetry of Robert Frost: The Collected Poems, Complete and Unabridged 33. New York : Edward Connery Lathem ed., 1969.Uribe M. O. El Paso, San Diego Among Safest Cities [Electronic source]. 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URL: http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/newsroom/fact_sheets/cbp_overview/fy2010_factsheet.xml (accessed: 20.10.2021).Securing America’s Borders: CBP Fiscal Year 2010 in Review Fact Sheet [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/newsroom/fact_sheets/cbp_overview/fy2010_factsheet.xml (accessed: 20.10.2021).American territory, of course, was again invaded in 1941 by Japan’s sneak attack at Pearl Harbor.American territory, of course, was again invaded in 1941 by Japan’s sneak attack at Pearl Harbor.Alden E. Companies Take Action as Visa Curbs Hurt Trade // Fin. Times. Jan. 29. 2003.Alden E. Companies Take Action as Visa Curbs Hurt Trade // Fin. Times. Jan. 29. 2003.In addition, we have been subject to “home-grown” terrorist events such as that carried out at Fort Hood by Maj. NidalHasan, the attack on the New York subway system planned by NajibullahZazi and the murder of a military recruiter inArkansas. McFadden R. D. Army Doctor Held in Ft. Hood Rampage // N. Y. Times [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/06/us/06forthood.html?ref=nidalmalikhasan (accessed: 20.10.2021).In addition, we have been subject to “home-grown” terrorist events such as that carried out at Fort Hood by Maj. NidalHasan, the attack on the New York subway system planned by NajibullahZazi and the murder of a military recruiter inArkansas. McFadden R. D. Army Doctor Held in Ft. Hood Rampage // N. Y. Times [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/06/us/06forthood.html?ref=nidalmalikhasan (accessed: 20.10.2021).Chang K. Explosive on Flight 253 is Among Most Powerful // N. Y. Times [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/28/us/28explosives.html (accessed: 20.10.2021).Chang K. Explosive on Flight 253 is Among Most Powerful // N. Y. Times [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/28/us/28explosives.html (accessed: 20.10.2021).Ten Years after 9/11: Can Terrorists Still Exploit Our Visa System?: Hearing Before the H. Comm. on Homeland Sec.Subcomm.on Border & Mar. Sec. [Electronic source]. URL: http://homeland.house.gov/sites/homeland.house.gov/files/Testimony%20Ramotowski.pdf (accessed: 20.10.2021).Ten Years after 9/11: Can Terrorists Still Exploit Our Visa System?: Hearing Before the H. Comm. on Homeland Sec.Subcomm.on Border & Mar. Sec. [Electronic source]. URL: http://homeland.house.gov/sites/homeland.house.gov/files/Testimony%20Ramotowski.pdf (accessed: 20.10.2021).Mazzetti M., Shane Sc. Evidence Mounts for Taliban Role in Bomb Plot // N. Y. Times [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/06/nyregion/06bomb.html (accessed: 20.10.2021).Mazzetti M., Shane Sc. Evidence Mounts for Taliban Role in Bomb Plot // N. Y. Times [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/06/nyregion/06bomb.html (accessed: 20.10.2021).Solomon E., Stewart Ph. Al Qaeda Yemen Wing Claims Parcel Plot, UPS Crash // Reuters [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/11/05/us-usa-yemen-bombidUSTRE6A44PU20101105 (accessed: 20.10.2021).Solomon E., Stewart Ph. Al Qaeda Yemen Wing Claims Parcel Plot, UPS Crash // Reuters [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/11/05/us-usa-yemen-bombidUSTRE6A44PU20101105 (accessed: 20.10.2021).Turner F. J. The Significance of the Frontier in American History / Turner F. J. // Wisconsin’sHistorian of the Frontier 26–47. Martin Ridge ed., 1986.Turner F. J. The Significance of the Frontier in American History / Turner F. J. // Wisconsin’sHistorian of the Frontier 26–47. Martin Ridge ed., 1986.Weinberg A. K. See generally // Manifest Destiny: A Study of Nationalist Expansionism in American History. Quadrangle Books, 1963.Weinberg A. K. See generally // Manifest Destiny: A Study of Nationalist Expansionism in American History. Quadrangle Books, 1963.History: Who Became Part of the Department? [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.dhs.gov/xabout/history/editorial_0133.shtm (accessed: 20.10.2021).History: Who Became Part of the Department? [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.dhs.gov/xabout/history/editorial_0133.shtm (accessed: 20.10.2021).The Future is Now [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.cbp.gov/xp/CustomsToday/2003/February/future.xml (accessed: 20.10.2021).The Future is Now [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.cbp.gov/xp/CustomsToday/2003/February/future.xml (accessed: 20.10.2021).Barth J. The End of the Road 76 (rev. ed. 1967) (emphasis omitted).Barth J. The End of the Road 76 (rev. ed. 1967) (emphasis omitted).CBP also serves as the single executive agent for forty other federal agencies charged with administrative or regulatoryduties regarding incoming and outgoing people and things. These include, notably, the Food and Drug Administration, theEnvironmental Protection Agency, the Consumer Products Safety Commission, and the Department of Transportation.CBP also serves as the single executive agent for forty other federal agencies charged with administrative or regulatoryduties regarding incoming and outgoing people and things. These include, notably, the Food and Drug Administration, theEnvironmental Protection Agency, the Consumer Products Safety Commission, and the Department of Transportation.Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia are among a handful of countries which have taken steps, large and small, towardunification. Each, however, has stopped short of a full merger of responsibilities. The Canadian Border Services Agency(“CBSA”), for example, regulatesthe ports of entry while the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (“RCMP”),separately governed,acts between the ports of entry and elsewhere through the interior of the country. The Australian Customs and Border ProtectionServices (“ACBP”) shares border-related responsibilities with the Department of Immigration and Citizenship (“DIAC”). TheUnited Kingdom Border Agency (“UKBA”), authorized to enforce immigration laws and collect customs duties, is not chargedwith counter-terrorist responsibilities.Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia are among a handful of countries which have taken steps, large and small, towardunification. Each, however, has stopped short of a full merger of responsibilities. The Canadian Border Services Agency(“CBSA”), for example, regulatesthe ports of entry while the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (“RCMP”),separately governed,acts between the ports of entry and elsewhere through the interior of the country. The Australian Customs and Border ProtectionServices (“ACBP”) shares border-related responsibilities with the Department of Immigration and Citizenship (“DIAC”). TheUnited Kingdom Border Agency (“UKBA”), authorized to enforce immigration laws and collect customs duties, is not chargedwith counter-terrorist responsibilities.The Harper Book of Quotations 451 (Robert I. Fitzhenry ed., 3d ed. 1993) (quoting Arthur Schopenhauer) [hereinafter HarperBook of Quotations].The Harper Book of Quotations 451 (Robert I. Fitzhenry ed., 3d ed. 1993) (quoting Arthur Schopenhauer) [hereinafter HarperBook of Quotations].Homeland Security Act of 2002, Pub. L. N 107–296, 116 Stat. 2135.Homeland Security Act of 2002, Pub. L. N 107–296, 116 Stat. 2135.About the Department of Defense [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.defense.gov/about/ (accessed: 20.10.2021).About the Department of Defense [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.defense.gov/about/ (accessed: 20.10.2021).About Dep’t of Homeland Sec. [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.dhs.gov/xabout/ (accessed: 20.10.2021).About Dep’t of Homeland Sec. [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.dhs.gov/xabout/ (accessed: 20.10.2021).The Executive Branch [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.whitehouse.gov/our-government/executive-branch (accessed: 20.10.2021).The Executive Branch [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.whitehouse.gov/our-government/executive-branch (accessed: 20.10.2021).About the DOD, supra note.About the DOD, supra note.The Coast Guard became part of the Department of Homeland Security in 2003. Coast Guard History: When Was the CoastGuard Established? [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.uscg.mil/history/faqs/when.asp (accessed: 20.10.2021).The Coast Guard became part of the Department of Homeland Security in 2003. Coast Guard History: When Was the CoastGuard Established? [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.uscg.mil/history/faqs/when.asp (accessed: 20.10.2021).Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986, Pub. L. N 99–433, 100 Stat. 992 (codified at 10U.S.C. § 101 et seq. (2006)).Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986, Pub. L. N 99–433, 100 Stat. 992 (codified at 10U.S.C. § 101 et seq. (2006)).Berkowitz B. Intelligence Reform: Less Is More [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.hoover.org/publications/hoover-digest/article/6809 (accessed: 20.10.2021).Berkowitz B. Intelligence Reform: Less Is More [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.hoover.org/publications/hoover-digest/article/6809 (accessed: 20.10.2021).Baker P., Cooper H., Mazzetti M. Bin Laden is Dead, Obama Says [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/02/world/asia/osama-bin-laden-is-killed.html?_r=1&hp (accessed: 20.10.2021).Baker P., Cooper H., Mazzetti M. Bin Laden is Dead, Obama Says [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/02/world/asia/osama-bin-laden-is-killed.html?_r=1&hp (accessed: 20.10.2021).Civilian, Military Trials Prosecute Terrorism Suspects Differently [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2009-11-22-civilian-vs-military-trials_N.htm (accessed: 20.10.2021).Civilian, Military Trials Prosecute Terrorism Suspects Differently [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2009-11-22-civilian-vs-military-trials_N.htm (accessed: 20.10.2021).Canestaro N. Homeland Defense: Another Nail in the Coffin for Posse Comitatus. Wash. : J.L. &Pol’y, 2003. P. 99–144.Canestaro N. Homeland Defense: Another Nail in the Coffin for Posse Comitatus. Wash. : J.L. &Pol’y, 2003. P. 99–144.Import Trade 2010 Report, supra note 9, at 18.Import Trade 2010 Report, supra note 9, at 18.Lawrence Wright, The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11. 2006.Lawrence Wright, The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11. 2006.Two notable cases involve the arrest and conviction of U. S. lawful permanent resident NajibullahZazi and U.S. born citizen David Coleman Headley, formerly known as Daood Sayed Gilani. See United States v. Zazi, N 09-CR-663, 2010 WL2710605 (E.D.N.Y. June 30, 2010); United States v. Kashmiri, N 09 CR 830-4, 2011 WL 1326373, at *1–5 (N. D. Ill. Apr. 1,2011). Zazi was recruited by al Qaida to conduct suicide attacks using explosives against the New York City subway system.See Zazi, 2010 WL 2710605, at *1. Headley helped plan the November 2008 attacks in Mumbai in concert with al Qaidaand Pakistan-based terrorist organization Lashkare-Taiba. See Kashmiri, 2011 WL 1326373, at *1–2; Rotella S. The American Behind India’s 9/11 — And How U. S. Botched Chances to Stop Him, Pro Publica [Electronic source]. http://www. propublica.org/article/david-headley-homegrown-terrorist (accessed: 20.10.2021).Two notable cases involve the arrest and conviction of U. S. lawful permanent resident NajibullahZazi and U.S. born citizen David Coleman Headley, formerly known as Daood Sayed Gilani. See United States v. Zazi, N 09-CR-663, 2010 WL2710605 (E.D.N.Y. June 30, 2010); United States v. Kashmiri, N 09 CR 830-4, 2011 WL 1326373, at *1–5 (N. D. Ill. Apr. 1,2011). Zazi was recruited by al Qaida to conduct suicide attacks using explosives against the New York City subway system.See Zazi, 2010 WL 2710605, at *1. Headley helped plan the November 2008 attacks in Mumbai in concert with al Qaidaand Pakistan-based terrorist organization Lashkare-Taiba. See Kashmiri, 2011 WL 1326373, at *1–2; Rotella S. The American Behind India’s 9/11 — And How U. S. Botched Chances to Stop Him, Pro Publica [Electronic source]. http://www. propublica.org/article/david-headley-homegrown-terrorist (accessed: 20.10.2021).Budget Hearing Before the H. Appropriations Comm., Subcomm on Homeland Sec. [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.dhs.gov/ynews/testimony/testimony_1300738129469.shtm (accessed: 20.10.2021).Budget Hearing Before the H. Appropriations Comm., Subcomm on Homeland Sec. [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.dhs.gov/ynews/testimony/testimony_1300738129469.shtm (accessed: 20.10.2021).Budget Hearing Before the H. Appropriations Comm., Subcomm. on Homeland Sec. 112th Cong. 181–187. 2011.Budget Hearing Before the H. Appropriations Comm., Subcomm. on Homeland Sec. 112th Cong. 181–187. 2011.Trusted Traveler Programs [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/travel/trusted_traveler/ (accessed: 20.10.2021).Trusted Traveler Programs [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/travel/trusted_traveler/ (accessed: 20.10.2021).Overview [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/trade/cargo_security/ctpat/what_ctpat/ctpat_overview.xml (accessed: 20.10.2021).Overview [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/trade/cargo_security/ctpat/what_ctpat/ctpat_overview.xml (accessed: 20.10.2021).Import Trade 2010 Report, supra note 9, at 1–18.Import Trade 2010 Report, supra note 9, at 1–18.Cargo Security: Advance Electronic Information & Screening IATA [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/cargo/tracker/october-2011/pages/security.aspx (accessed: 20.10.2021).Cargo Security: Advance Electronic Information & Screening IATA [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/cargo/tracker/october-2011/pages/security.aspx (accessed: 20.10.2021).An analogous approach to the regulation of passengers in the context of international partnerships exists in the Visa WaiverProgram (VWP). VWP travelers must use secure, machine readable travel documents and must obtain pre-travel authorization from the Electronic System for Travel Authorization (ESTA) before embarking for the United States. Countries participatingin the program, currently thirty-six in number, must meet heightened security standards that are periodically verified and offervisa free travel to U. S. citizens and nationals. See 8 USC 1187 (2006); 8 USC 1732(c) (2006).An analogous approach to the regulation of passengers in the context of international partnerships exists in the Visa WaiverProgram (VWP). VWP travelers must use secure, machine readable travel documents and must obtain pre-travel authorization from the Electronic System for Travel Authorization (ESTA) before embarking for the United States. Countries participatingin the program, currently thirty-six in number, must meet heightened security standards that are periodically verified and offervisa free travel to U. S. citizens and nationals. See 8 USC 1187 (2006); 8 USC 1732(c) (2006).Commencing in December 2010, CBP has integrated its trusted traveler programs by extending Global Entry benefits toNEXUS and SENTRI members and vice-versa. Global Entry Expansion Federal Notice Published [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/travel/travel_news/global_published.xml (accessed: 20.10.2021). Nearly one million persons presently participate. CBP2010 in Review Fact Sheet, supra note 10. More than ten-thousand companies are validated in the C-TPAT Cargo securityprogram. C-TPAT Reaches 10,000 Members, 4 Frontline Mag., N 1 Winter 2011, at 5, available at http://nemo.cbp.gov/opa/frontline/winter_frontline2011.pdf. On the international front, CBP has developed and continues to strengthen supply chainsecurity through “mutual recognition agreements” with trusted partners in cargo to include Canada, the European Union, Japan,Jordan, Korea, and New Zealand. CBP has non-binding trusted traveler agreements with Brazil, Canada, Germany, Korea,Mexico, the Netherlands, Qatar and the United Kingdom. See Susan Holliday, Global Entry Takes Off: Private-Sector SupportFuels Boost in Frequent Flier Program , 4 Frontline Mag., N 1, Winter 2011, at 11, [Electronic source]. URL: http://nemo.cbp.gov/opa/frontline/winter_frontline2011.pdf (accessed: 20.10.2021).Commencing in December 2010, CBP has integrated its trusted traveler programs by extending Global Entry benefits toNEXUS and SENTRI members and vice-versa. Global Entry Expansion Federal Notice Published [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/travel/travel_news/global_published.xml (accessed: 20.10.2021). Nearly one million persons presently participate. CBP2010 in Review Fact Sheet, supra note 10. More than ten-thousand companies are validated in the C-TPAT Cargo securityprogram. C-TPAT Reaches 10,000 Members, 4 Frontline Mag., N 1 Winter 2011, at 5, available at http://nemo.cbp.gov/opa/frontline/winter_frontline2011.pdf. On the international front, CBP has developed and continues to strengthen supply chainsecurity through “mutual recognition agreements” with trusted partners in cargo to include Canada, the European Union, Japan,Jordan, Korea, and New Zealand. CBP has non-binding trusted traveler agreements with Brazil, Canada, Germany, Korea,Mexico, the Netherlands, Qatar and the United Kingdom. See Susan Holliday, Global Entry Takes Off: Private-Sector SupportFuels Boost in Frequent Flier Program , 4 Frontline Mag., N 1, Winter 2011, at 11, [Electronic source]. URL: http://nemo.cbp.gov/opa/frontline/winter_frontline2011.pdf (accessed: 20.10.2021).Gladwell M. The Tipping Point. 2000.Gladwell M. The Tipping Point. 2000.The Rush-Bagot Treaty in 1817 with Canada (through Britain following the War of 1812) and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgoin 1848, concluding the U.S.-Mexico War, established lasting peace. Additional boundary agreements were reached amicably:with Canada (British North America) through the Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) and the Oregon Treaty (1846), and withMexico through the Gadsden Purchase (1853). See Milestones, Off. of the Historian [Electronic source]. URL: http://history.state.gov/milestones (accessed: 20.10.2021).The Rush-Bagot Treaty in 1817 with Canada (through Britain following the War of 1812) and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgoin 1848, concluding the U.S.-Mexico War, established lasting peace. Additional boundary agreements were reached amicably:with Canada (British North America) through the Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) and the Oregon Treaty (1846), and withMexico through the Gadsden Purchase (1853). See Milestones, Off. of the Historian [Electronic source]. URL: http://history.state.gov/milestones (accessed: 20.10.2021).Manning B. The Congress, The Executive and Intermestic Affairs: Three Proposals. 55 Foreign Aff. 306, 309. 1977.Manning B. The Congress, The Executive and Intermestic Affairs: Three Proposals. 55 Foreign Aff. 306, 309. 1977.The populations of the United States, Canada, and Mexico are 313 million, 34 million and 113 million, respectively. CountryComparison: Population // Central Intelligence Agency, The World Factbook. July 2011 [Electronic source]. URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html (accessed: 20.10.2021). Economically, their grossdomestic products are $15.04 trillion (U.S.), $1.39 trillion (Canada), and $1.657 trillion. Field Listing: GDP (Purchasing PowerParity) [Electronic source]. URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2001.html (accessed: 20.10.2021).The populations of the United States, Canada, and Mexico are 313 million, 34 million and 113 million, respectively. CountryComparison: Population // Central Intelligence Agency, The World Factbook. July 2011 [Electronic source]. URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html (accessed: 20.10.2021). Economically, their grossdomestic products are $15.04 trillion (U.S.), $1.39 trillion (Canada), and $1.657 trillion. Field Listing: GDP (Purchasing PowerParity) [Electronic source]. URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2001.html (accessed: 20.10.2021).Harper Book of Quotations, supra note 25, at 31; Chronology of Leading Historical Events in Mexico, in Randolph WellfordSmith, Benighted Mexico 383. 1916.Harper Book of Quotations, supra note 25, at 31; Chronology of Leading Historical Events in Mexico, in Randolph WellfordSmith, Benighted Mexico 383. 1916.See, e.g., Meg Bortin, Global Poll Shows Wide Distrust of United States, N. Y. Times [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/27/news/27iht-pew.4.6365578.html?pagewanted=all (accessed: 20.10.2021).See, e.g., Meg Bortin, Global Poll Shows Wide Distrust of United States, N. Y. Times [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/27/news/27iht-pew.4.6365578.html?pagewanted=all (accessed: 20.10.2021).Known as Tratado de LibreComercio (“TLC”) in Mexico, NAFTA dramatically expanded annual U. S. trade flows (importsand exports) with Canada ($525.3 billion in 2010) and Mexico ($393 billion in 2010), making them our first and third largestcommercial partners. Top Trading Partners, Foreign Trade Statistics [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/highlights/top/top1012yr.html (accessed: 20.10.2021). The second, fourth and fifth rankings belong respectively, to China ($456.8 billion in 2010), Japan ($180.9 billion in 2010) and Germany ($130.9 billion in 2010). Id.Known as Tratado de LibreComercio (“TLC”) in Mexico, NAFTA dramatically expanded annual U. S. trade flows (importsand exports) with Canada ($525.3 billion in 2010) and Mexico ($393 billion in 2010), making them our first and third largestcommercial partners. Top Trading Partners, Foreign Trade Statistics [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/highlights/top/top1012yr.html (accessed: 20.10.2021). The second, fourth and fifth rankings belong respectively, to China ($456.8 billion in 2010), Japan ($180.9 billion in 2010) and Germany ($130.9 billion in 2010). Id.Noble J. Fortress America or Fortress North America // 11 L. & Bus. Rev. Am. 461. 2005.Noble J. Fortress America or Fortress North America // 11 L. & Bus. Rev. Am. 461. 2005.Canadian and U. S. military forces rotate NORAD command responsibilities. On 9/11, for example, General Ralph Eberhart ofthe USAF was the military officer in charge of leading NORAD’s response to the terrorist attack and his Deputy Commanderwas Lieutenant-General Kenneth Pennie of the Canadian ForcesAir Command. See Hebert A. J. The Return of NORAD [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Documents/2002/February%202002/0202norad.pdf (accessed: 20.10.2021).Canadian and U. S. military forces rotate NORAD command responsibilities. On 9/11, for example, General Ralph Eberhart ofthe USAF was the military officer in charge of leading NORAD’s response to the terrorist attack and his Deputy Commanderwas Lieutenant-General Kenneth Pennie of the Canadian ForcesAir Command. See Hebert A. J. The Return of NORAD [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Documents/2002/February%202002/0202norad.pdf (accessed: 20.10.2021).Twenty-First Century Border Management, U.S.-Mex., May 19, 2010 (declaration of U.S. Pres. Obama & Mex. Pres. Calderon) [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-pressoffice/declaration-government-united-states-america-and-governmentunited-mexicanstates-c (accessed: 20.10.2021).Twenty-First Century Border Management, U.S.-Mex., May 19, 2010 (declaration of U.S. Pres. Obama & Mex. Pres. Calderon) [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-pressoffice/declaration-government-united-states-america-and-governmentunited-mexicanstates-c (accessed: 20.10.2021).Beyond the Border: A Shared Vision for Perimeter Security and Economic Competitiveness, U.S.-Can., Feb. 4, 2011(declaration of U.S. Pres. Obama. & Can. Prime Minister Harper), [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/wh/uscanada-btb-action-plan.pdf (accessed: 20.10.2021).Beyond the Border: A Shared Vision for Perimeter Security and Economic Competitiveness, U.S.-Can., Feb. 4, 2011(declaration of U.S. Pres. Obama. & Can. Prime Minister Harper), [Electronic source]. URL: http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/wh/uscanada-btb-action-plan.pdf (accessed: 20.10.2021).The Greatest Quotations of All Time 264. Anthony St. Peter ed., 2010.The Greatest Quotations of All Time 264. Anthony St. Peter ed., 2010.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.