The paper is devoted to the study of «electronic participation» as a special form of social and political participation of citizens in public affairs. Conceptually, «electronic participation» is viewed as an integral part of “electronic democracy”. Therefore, studying the former would presume a need to draw on the classical democratic theory while rethinking the relevance of its provisions in a new socio-economic context influencing current democratization processes. Examining “electronic participation” as a new mechanism of the interactive relationship between authorities and society, the author argues that it is not technology but a combination of social, economic and political conditions - in which electronic participation initiatives are realized - that determine such a relationship. The paper presents David Held’s democracy models to illustrate the process of democratic evolution across different historical epochs and socio-political conditions. Such democracy models as Legitimate Democracy, Participatory Democracy, Deliberative Democracy, Democratic Autonomy are reviewed in more detail due to their relevance in the modern context of global transformations that create a new digital medium for government-citizen interaction. These models are aligned with key milestones reflecting upon the conceptualization of different approaches - for example, e-Government, e-Governance, e-Participation, Government 2.0, e-Democracy, Open Government, Government 3.0 - describing the application of electronic participation means. The conclusions stress that electronic participation methods and technologies form an ecosystem necessary for realizing the principles of e-Governance concept in state and municipal governance practice, whereas e-Government technologies play a supportive role as an information infrastructure platform ensuring interaction via G2G, G2C, G2B services. The maximum effect is achieved when the dedicated “gateways” are built for a direct real-time interaction between e-Government and e-Participation systems.

In the article parliamentarism bases in the context of criticism of his principles are discussed. The parliament represents the historical phenomenon, which is given rise from spirit of a discussion and publicity. His emergence is not connected with democracy. The parliament is a point of impact of power groups for clarification of the positions, which are not giving in to decisions of the state law. Becoming the most important institute of the state, the parliament has no sufficient legitimacy yet. The public contract with the people gives the required legitimacy to parliament, by means of his communication with the natural law. Connection of democracy with parliamentarism has contradictory character. The true attributes of a discussion consign to the past, and her place is taken by promotion and accounting of interests, from the point of view of K. Schmitt. On the other hand, the spirit of parliamentarism will transform sense of justice and the political culture of society at the heart of which indissoluble communication with publicity and a discussion is found again. The criticism of parliamentarism opens its deeper bases and is proved that the nature of political reality assumes political representation.

The article studies the issues of formation and use of tourist potential of regions in the context of socio-economic development on the basis of the results obtained in the monograph «Management of socio-economic development and tourism and recreational activities at the Federal, regional and local levels: a typological approach». Contained in the article the author’s approach is considered on a concrete example - the municipal formation Ivangorod of Kingisepp municipal district of Leningrad region. Approbation of results was carried out in the framework of qualification for persons holding public office of the Leningrad region and the public civil servants of the Leningrad region, replacing posts of civil service in Executive authorities of the Leningrad region «An effective system of regional management as a factor ensuring international competitiveness of Russia».

Widespread use of outsourcing in Russian companies is hindered not deep enough knowledge of the risks of outsourcing, the low level of trust of business partners in domestic companies, the difficulty of achieving positive results for all participants, as well as the complexity of the definition of the outcomes of the restructuring of the company. Known approaches to the evaluation of the results of outsourcing are based on the definition of benefits, mainly the parent company, which transmits part of the functions of a third-party contractor. Almost always as the most important result of outsourcing call decrease costs and improve product quality for the parent company. Evaluation of effectiveness will be seriously affected if the outsourcing involves more than two or ganizations, as the consequences can be different, positive or negative, for different participants in the restructuring. The paper proposes an approach that takes into account indicators of «at risk» - @Risk. This criterion allows determining in financial terms any indicator of activity of the company: profit (profit@Risk, return@Risk, earnings@Risk, etc.). The resulting efficiency of outsourcing is determined by the summation index@Risk all parties involved in a restructuring of the company. The proposed approach allows to take into account the loss on any part of the business process and any member of the outsourcing.

The article examines the issues of state support for tourism and recreation in the Russian Federation in modern conditions. The dynamics of competitiveness index in travel and tourism sectors for the period 2007-2015 is given, as well as assumptions on the reasons for its positive dynamics are made. The main factors of increasing the competitiveness of the industry are formulated. It is concluded that an effective support from the state is necessary for positive changes in trends of its development. For the successful implementation of the state subprogram «Tourism» the following is of crucial importance: the forecasting of possible risks related to the achievement of the main goal and to the accomplishment of the tasks of the subprogram, an assessment of their scope and consequences, and the development of a set of measures of preventing of the latter. For the purpose of an effective risk management, a classification of risk factors is developed. Based on the analysis of possible risks, a classification of risks in tourism development is proposed. An objective function for managing the risks of implementing projects and programs is also proposed. A conclusion on the need for the implementation of regional projects in the tourism sector is substantiated. Such regional projects must take into consideration specific features of regions and shift of the paradigm in development of the subsystems «Culture» and «Tourism and Recreation».

In recent years interest in development of tourism and a recreation increases. Authorities take support measures, which not always allow achieving goals. Reduction in compliance of measures of state regulation of the sphere of tourism and a recreation to requirements of national economy and regions, requirements of the law on strategic planning adopted in 2014 is relevant. Need of improvement of the operating system of state regulation of the tourist and recreational sphere, accounting of regional features of development of tourism and a recreation at improvement of system of strategic planning is proved in the article.

The paper focuses on the reforms of professional development through continuous training of the public administration in the Republic of Macedonia provided with the last changes of the legislation on public administration in 2014. According to the provisions of the Law for the Public Sector, each employee within the public administration in the country has the right and the obligation to be subjected to the process of professional development and training which is considered to be the crucial determinant of his/her status within the public/state institution in which he/she works, as well as of his/her professional competence. The continuous training of the public administration should provide professional, competent, service oriented and politically neutral public administration, capable to provide full realization of all the rights and freedoms of Macedonian citizens.

In the article features of formation and essential features of youth policy in Scotland are considered in the context of the problem of regionalization of British statehood. The authors show that the Scottish youth policy in its development shares much of the English experience. Nevertheless, according to the authors, Scotland, in its approaches to the solution of most sociopolitical tasks (including work with young people), differs from England (meaningfully even more than sometimes can be seen in outward manifestations). In the article, the authors analyzed the differences that characterize the Scottish experience of youth policy, and which are the specific contribution of Scotland specifically to the tradition of working with young people. The authors’ conclusion is that the combination of youth work with adult education, as well as with the tasks of developing opportunities for socially vulnerable groups of the population, allowed to form their own national practice within the framework of the youth policy of Scotland. In addition, the authors conclude that the constant stability of the Scottish electoral system with its left bias and the steady political agenda on social inequality contributed to the specificity of Scotland’s youth policy. In the opinion of the authors, when the obvious disintegration of the system of working with young people began in England, the Scottish government supports all social institutions aimed at implementing the youth policy, which promotes the popularity of the ideas of Scotland’s national self-determination and independence in the ranks of young Scots.

The article examines the needs and opportunities of the sectoral potential for the development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. The goals, objectives and indicators (indicators) of achieving the goals and the success of the tasks are defined, and a forecast of the main outcomes of Strategy 2035 is drawn up.

In connection with the need to develop national and cultural communities and the formation of such conditions that will preserve national dignity and self-awareness on the basis of the national consolidation of the peoples of Russia, efforts to maintain the spirit of interethnic communication in St. Petersburg are needed. Communication, which does not conflict with national self-identification are needed. This will not only avoid inter-ethnic tensions, conflicts between nations, but also eliminate the risks of confrontation with the structures of power and government. To this end, we are proposing to implement in St. Petersburg and Leningrad Region a single project «House of Nationalities».

This article scrutinizes new Saudi Arabian governments policy towards domestic economy aimed at diversification and it’s influence on Saudi-American relations.

Development of the domestic industry is the major task which realization is enabled within carrying out the state economic policy. The choice of optimum organizational and economic model of use of limited resources for realization of policy of import substitution will allow providing achievement of goals with the maximum economic efficiency. One of perspective models considered in the article is multilevel network partnership.

Examines current trends in project implementation, international black sea transport corridor. The conditions of interaction between the member countries of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation. Offers directions consulting support during implementation of the project «Black Sea Ring». Discusses the basic components of the mechanism for providing Advisory support in the area of transport corridor of Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization.

The article analyzes the understanding of the nature of creativity in the works of Russian religious philosophers. The fundamental importance of this topic for philosophical anthropology is derived from the obvious to the religious thinker circumstance, that “the image and likeness of the Creator cannot be a Creator”. In the works of Russian philosophers represented to some extent differing approaches to understanding creativity, which, however, have some common fundamental traits, stemming from their common worldviews. So, for Berdyaev, the purpose of the creative impulse is the achievement of another life, another world, i. e., the output in the sphere of transcendental. For Solovyov in accordance with his philosophy of unity is also a desire for a different, authen tic life, the meaning of which is love, meaning that one person finds in the other completeness of his own life. In the philosophy of G. V. Florovsky goal of creativity - the creation of the man himself as an expression of the desire for Union with God. The approaches complement each other, creating a volumetric image of the phenomenon of creativity. Despite the differences in points of view on the question of the scope of a creative being, all Russian philosophers agree that creativity, being the absolute beginning of human existence, by its nature irrational and that the creative subject is a specific subject as a free person. The article presents the idea that for Russian philosophers the problem of creativity has primarily a metaphysical sense, the point of which his understanding as the beginning, constitute the fundamental basis of human existence.

The article is devoted to the study of the evolution of philosophical and historical views in the domestic philosophical thought. The author defends the point of view that the evolution of views on the historical process, its goals and meaning, was realized in Russian socio-political and philosophical thought from historiosophy to the philosophy of history. The origins of domestic historiosophy are connected with the traditionalist value system, which was formed under the influence of the Greco-Byzantine tradition and the Orthodox Church and absorbed the main features of Christianity. The philosophy of history arose on the basis of the modernist system of values and scientistic interpretation of history in the 19th century. The article states that the concepts of «historiosophy» and «philosophy of history» are not synonymous, but reflect a different level and depth of comprehension of history.

The article reveals an important issues of the economic history of Russia in the 17th - early 18th centuries. The authors analyze the government’s trade policy to limit the economic activity of foreign merchants in the Russian market. They also focus on the causes, circumstances and peculiarities of the overgrowth of trade protectionism into the policy of industrial protectionism, clarify the importance of customs regulation as the main tool for suppressing the activity of foreigners in the Russian domestic market. Believing that such a policy was in the interests of the treasury, the leaders of the Russian merchant class and the Russian Orthodox Church, the authors emphasize its differences from Western European mercantilism, which attached special importance to the development of export industries of manufacturing industry and the export of finished products to other countries. In their view, the customs reform of the mid-17th century did not actually pursue any patronizing goals for the development of domestic production. Defending the thesis about the establishment of large-scale industry in Russia in the first quarter of the 18th century, they assign the main role to the customs and tariff policy in updating the country’s production apparatus. The authors assert that in its content the elements of industrial protectionism, which, in the final analysis, determined the content of the tariff of 1724, became more and more confident.

The political and administrative career of the first Russian Prime Minister count S. Yu. Witte after the Manifesto, on October 17, 1905 steadily moved to the end, without having managed to begin. The liberal concessions of the tsar, Witte office of “public figures” have failed. Neither the tsar, nor Witte became national heroes in society. Nicholas II more and more did not trust Witte, and Witte - did not seek for rapprochement with the tsar though both understood the importance of the liberal project State Duma for Russia.

The article discusses the features of the personnel policy of the Kazan Trial Chamber during the First World War. The main problems identified in the article - the question of employment evacuated ranks judiciary. In the district of Kazan Trial Chamber was а lot of refugees - members and employees of the judicial system, find themselves without а job. In some regions, there was а shortage of personnel in the other - the refugees themselves did not want to pursue legal action. The author shows the situation in Kazan, Sarapul, Vyatka, Yekaterinburg, Simbirsk, Ufa, Perm district courts, members of the judicial district of Kazan Trial Chamber.

The article considers various educational technologies for the training of highly qualified specialists - experts in the field of state and municipal management.