Non-systemic opposition as a political phenomenon has existed throughout the history of Russia and continues to play a significant role in modern political life. Studying its historical roots, methods of operation, and sources of funding is crucial for understanding its impact on the political system and society as a whole. The aim of this work is to analyze the phenomenon of non-systemic opposition in Russia, as well as to identify common traits and qualities of its leaders (what motivates them, what goals they pursue, what methods and means they use to fight the current government, who they rely on, and where they receive funding).
The tasks of the article’s author include examining historical examples of non-systemic opposition in Russia starting from the 16th century, investigating its connections with external forces and sources of funding, exploring the methods used to achieve its goals, and assessing the consequences of its activities for the country and society. Additionally, the author seeks to identify possible measures to counter its destabilizing influence on the state.
Using historical and comparative analysis, the author relies on historical documents, scientific publications, and contemporary sources, including internet resources. As a result of studying the historical roots and leaders (Andrei Kurbsky, Ivan Bolotnikov, Stepan Razin, Emelyan Pugachev), the author identifies the main methods of non-systemic opposition, including radical actions, information manipulation, and provocations. The author notes that foreign funding indicates the use of Russian opposition as a tool of external influence and demonstrates the negative consequences of non-systemic opposition, including economic damage, human casualties, and destabilization.
In conclusion, the author emphasizes that non-systemic opposition poses a serious threat to the stability and sovereignty of Russia. To reduce its influence, measures such as strengthening dialogue between the government and society, timely correction of mistakes, and transparency in decisionmaking are necessary. Only in this way can the risks associated with the activities of non-systemic opposition be minimized, and sustainable development of the country ensured.

The article examines key aspects of organizing optimal management of railway transport. The role of transport in organizing national economic development and international trade is shown.
The main features of the history of the railway system of the Republic of Belarus, its strategic and geopolitical potential, as well as the difficulties and challenges it faced starting from the middle of the 19th century are analyzed.
The economic and geographical factors of the formation of the railway network in the Belarusian provinces are considered.

The study analyzes the engagement of users of the accounts of heads of five municipalities of the Sverdlovsk region in the social network «VKontakte». This phenomenon reflects the level of interaction, trust and activity of the audience of the official pages of city leaders, helping to assess the success of using online platforms as a tool for social digital dialogue.
Analysis of the accounts of heads of municipalities showed that an effective communication strategy requires a combination of official information with a personalized approach. Excessive formalization and the lack of direct dialogue in the page’s news feed reduce the level of engagement, while active interaction with subscribers, including posting responses to comments and publishing personal stories, helps to increase the trust and activity of the audience. At the same time, an excess of information without proper response or artificial stimulation of engagement negatively affects the overall effectiveness of the information policy in social media.
The predominance of positive content in the accounts of city mayors creates the so-called «information bubble», limiting access to full and diverse information on city issues. This circumstance contributes to a decrease in user activity and their willingness to participate in the discussion of current problems. To increase engagement, it is recommended to post materials focused on current city topics, their discussion and proposed solutions.
In addition, the heterogeneity of engagement that was identified during the study may be associated with the level of competition for attention, the education of the audience and the digital literacy of the population. In large cities such as Yekaterinburg, such realism and the level of awareness of citizens reduce their reaction to the published content.
To increase engagement, it is necessary to consider the specifics of the local user audience, develop communication strategies considering the algorithms of the social network «VKontakte», not only promote relevant content, but also form an active digital local community.

In the modern world, building a scientific career is becoming an increasingly difficult task. Increasingly, a career is perceived as creating a portfolio that can be presented to an employer when moving from one organization to another. The development of a specialist in several key areas is called by a new term — “portfolio” career. A portfolio career, as a new form of professional growth and development, is becoming particularly important. In this regard, scientific career accelerators are effective tools that contribute to the successful realization of the potential of scientists, researchers and specialists in their pursuit of development. The main purpose of the accelerator is to support individuals with key management competencies and successfully apply them in the performance of their official functions, in integrating scientific activities into their career trajectories, which contributes to the development of their strategic and analytical capacity, as well as strengthening the scientific, technical and innovative sectors of the economy of the regions and the state.
The purpose of the study is to form a practical methodology for the preparation and implementation of the accelerator to achieve the objectives set for the author before the implementation of the considered set of actions. The study analyzed the effectiveness of key program components such as mentoring, gamification, and tracking. Quantitative and qualitative indicators of the program’s success, such as the number of scientific publications, grant applications, and career achievements of participants, were also evaluated.

The article considers issues of strategic planning of spatial development. The main methodological approaches that were used in the implementation of regional policy and spatial development in the previous period of modern history of Russia are presented. The spatial development strategies adopted in 2019 and 2024 are compared. The features of the conditions for their development and approval are considered. The characteristics of individual provisions underlying the new strategy are given. The quantitative indicators that characterize the conditions in which spatial development processes have been developing in recent years are analyzed. A conclusion is made about a decrease in the effectiveness of spatial development policy in the case of the adoption of strategic planning documents that imply no-alternative scenarios. The need to approve a spatial development strategy that provides for a greater number of options than the “inertial” and “target” is asserted. The relevance of the problems of the relationship and complementarity of documents of the strategic planning system, as well as interregional cooperation, is shown. Particular attention is paid to initiatives to create key settlements. The thesis is asserted that the tendency towards population concentration in large settlements is a problem that requires a solution, and not just a process to which the Spatial Development Strategy should be adapted.

The study is aimed at solving a highly relevant scientific and practical problem of forming a theoretical base and methodological tools for the socio-economic development of cities. The paper provides a rationale for the basic prerequisites for applying a new methodological approach to managing city development based on strategizing its competitiveness.
From a theoretical and methodological standpoint, the approach proposed in the study is based on a combination of one of the most promising modern areas of spatial economics — the concept of territorial competitiveness and the provisions of the general theory of strategy and methodology of strategizing by academician Vladimir L. Kvint. This theoretical and methodological innovation sets a new perspective for considering the driving forces and patterns of socio-economic development of cities. in which the key category is the phenomenon of urban competitiveness, which is both an integral criterion for the state of the city’s socio-economic system and an object of management for the main stakeholders of urban development.
The purpose of the study is to clarify the theoretical basis of urban development based on the concept of urban competitiveness and to form methodological foundations for its strategizing. The object of the study is a set of processes and patterns of socio-economic development of modern cities, the subject is the phenomenon of urban competitiveness. The article contains a bibliographic analysis of the works of domestic and foreign scientists devoted to the study of the evolution of theories of territorial development and the substantiation of the concept of territorial competitiveness, solves the problems of clarifying the content of the category of urban competitiveness, substantiating the organizational and methodological model of urban competitiveness and adapting individual provisions of the general theory of strategy and methodology of strategizing to the task of strategizing urban competitiveness.
The result of the study is the development and substantiation of the organizational and methodological model of urban competitiveness, which allows us to consider it as a key criterion of socio-economic development and an object of strategic management for the main stakeholders of urban development, as well as the definition of the main methodological prerequisites for strategizing urban competitiveness.

The article presents the results of a study on the applicability of responsible investment tools in the field of high-risk technological entrepreneurship as a significant factor of economic development in modern conditions.
Relevance. The economic, social, and environmental environment that has developed over the past few decades, as well as the impact of the systemic political crisis, which has necessitated the active development of domestic technological chains and the shift of value-added education centers, have a multidirectional impact on the investment process in this area. The choice of technological projects for investment is complicated by the need to comply with the principles of sustainable development.
The purpose of this study is to develop principles of lean investment designed to reduce the risks of financial investments by economic entities and, at the same time, consider the economic, social and environmental consequences of technological innovations.
Method — a comprehensive method was applied in the study: adapting the concept of lean thinking into the context of the provisions and tools of sustainable development, socially oriented and green economy. Hypothesis No. 1. The development of principles of lean investment should be based on the principles of lean thinking, which it is advisable to combine into domains of interrelated and interdependent factors in order to fully reflect environmental factors that were not previously taken into account when evaluating investments. Hypothesis No. 2. The principles of prudent investment should take into account the balance of interests of both the actors of technological projects and all interested parties.
Conclusions. The following domains of lean thinking are identified as the basis for developing the principles of lean investment: the goals of sustainable development of society; awareness of project participants and stakeholders; development of the creative potential of the team; extraction and accumulation of knowledge to search for new laws in conditions of high uncertainty. The following groups of principles of high-tech projects are formulated: principles that take into account a long-term philosophy when describing goals and evaluating project implementation;
consensus principles that provide for the alignment of goals and a collective vision of the possibilities and uncertainties of projects;
principles of continuous improvement and improvement;
principles of reducing variability (congestion), providing for a focus on the space of breakthrough technological solutions.
The proposed principles are aimed at improving the efficiency of projects and accelerating the transition to sustainable economic growth in the country.
In conclusion, further directions for the development of methods and tools for the expert assessment of the project, hypotheses and design alternatives for its development at various stages are discussed; the authors’ contribution to applied research on the topic is indicated.

This study considers the issues of assessing the dynamics of entrepreneurial activity among the residents of St. Petersburg. The purpose of the study: to assess the formed dynamics of development of domestic small companies and individual entrepreneurs. Objectives: to analyze statistical data reflecting the dynamics of domestic small companies in St. Petersburg; to investigate and evaluate measures to support small and medium-sized businesses; to propose ways to improve the effectiveness of programs to support entrepreneurial initiatives. The study uses such methods as: comparative analysis, synthesis, sociological survey. The study used data from the Unified SME Register, EMISS, data from sociological surveys of the population of St. Petersburg. In the course of the research the following results and conclusions were obtained: data on the number of SMEs in St. Petersburg for 5 years were analyzed, comparison with the data on wider time periods was made, the reasons for the existing dynamics of the number of SMEs were analyzed, a comparative analysis of the number of SMEs among the subjects of the Russian Federation included in the North-West Federal District was made, the place of St. Petersburg among all regions of the Russian Federation was determined.

The purpose of this article is to clarify and supplement the process approach to value supply chain management, focusing on creating digital twins, simulations, and developing management decisions with minimal losses.
To achieve this purpose, terminological analysis, descriptive and facet methods of qualitative research were used. These methods allow us to form identification series, create standards (virtual copies) of management objects, develop and study binary matrices that form the basis of a digital twin for value supply chain management.
The following results are obtained in the article: options for the interaction between nonphysical (virtual) and physical (real) objects in value supply chain management are justified; the essence and content of the process approach to management are clarified and supplemented; components and processes for creating and using a digital twin for value supply chain management are defined; and functions of owners of processes using this digital twin are described.
The originality of the research lies in the use of identification series to measure and digitize non-physical objects in value supply chain management, in order to develop effective management decisions using a digital twin aggregate containing the following blocks: consumer value, management system, chain in statics, chain in dynamics, environmental factors, management decision, and organizational management structure.

D. Trump’s second term has already led to fundamental results. The management model of the global economy has changed. The authors of the article position Europe as the loser of the ex-leader. Recognizing the growing opportunities of the United States and China, the potential benefits for Russia from restructuring the global economic model should be recognized. The combination of negative factors is absolutely unique for Europe, so the role of an arbitrator for Russia becomes geographically logical, historically determined and possible from the point of view of management.

This paper investigates the systematic obstacles restricting women’s involvement and leadership in Building Information Modelling (BIM) related occupations in Russia and Serbia. Using a qualitative literature-based approach, the study draws on gender role theory, digital divide theory, and structural inequality theories to combine data from peer-reviewed academic and policy sources. Findings show widespread wage disparities, occupational segregation, underrepresentation in digital leadership, and inadequate mentoring systems. While Serbia shows more informal business routes with less structural assistance, Russia’s workforce shows more centralized obstacles with policy immobility. Although BIM, which is part of Construction 4.0, has possibilities for inclusive change, its use in both nations runs the danger of repeating gender inequalities without coordinated institutional change. Strategic advice comprises national policy integration, focused leadership initiatives, inclusive upskilling, and entrepreneurial support structures. Focusing on under-researched post-socialist settings, this work provides to the changing worldwide conversation on gender inclusiveness in STEM.

The article examines the current forms of cooperation between Russia and China in the field of AI applications in healthcare and identifies the vectors of their possible development. The purpose of the article is to analyze the political conditions and mechanisms of bilateral cooperation between Russia and China in the field of artificial intelligence technologies in healthcare, based on a case study, a review of the regulatory framework and a comparative study of national development strategies. The methodological basis used is an analysis of scientific literature, a comparative approach, and a case study to identify key areas and barriers of political cooperation between Russia and China in the field of AI in healthcare. It was found that the China and the Russian Federation are successfully implementing artificial intelligence technologies in the diagnosis and treatment of human health pathologies, and an analysis of joint projects has shown that Russian-Chinese initiatives to introduce AI into the healthcare system have favorable prerequisites for progressive expansion and deepening. It was also possible to identify differences in the scale of implementation of these projects. China as a whole is demonstrating a more ambitious approach, whereas in Russia the initiatives are more private. The main obstacles to bilateral cooperation in this area are caused by differences in legal regimes, as well as the language barrier. The implementation of medical AI projects between Russia and China is not an exclusively scientific and technical initiative. This is a manifestation of a broader foreign policy strategy aimed at developing independent technological systems, reducing dependence on Western IT solutions, and strengthening countries’ global positions in the context of digital transformation.

Since the 1980s, France has pursued a policy of decentralization to simplify the implementation of at the local level. One such reform in the 2010s, which will be the focus of this paper, halved the number of regions and created an entirely new entity, the Grand Est, which included the two departments of Alsace: Haut-Rhin and Bas-Rhin. Little historical justification for unification and the fear of losing ethnic identity mobilized the population. A compromise was worked out: the European Collectivity (Community) of Alsace emerged, which was called the “superdepartment” — a unique innovation in France.
Purpose: to identify in the historical dynamics, how the territorial-administrative functions of Alsace as a region changed, what powers it has at the moment through the prism of administrative-territorial reforms in France.
Methods: analysis and synthesis of empirical data; system analysis; retrospective approach; comparative analysis.
Results and Discussion: The new law on differentiation, decentralization, deconcentration and various measures to simplify the implementation of local public action (3DS law) was preceded by three acts of decentralization. The first had the task of launching decentralization, the second consolidated the successes in the constitution, the third tried to reduce bureaucratic costs and redistribute powers. The most important for Alsace turned out to be the Third Act, or rather the reaction to it.
Conclusions: French administrative and territorial reforms were one of the main causes of the autonomist threat. To prevent it, the French government approved a referendum on the creation of the European Collectivity (Community) of Alsace. This decision did not eliminate the problem of the so-called historical illegitimacy of the Grand Est region, but allowed the territorial community to develop with additional privileges. The geographical position of Alsace in the center of Europe on the border of Germany and Switzerland and its status as one of the capitals of the EU also played its role.

The article discusses the current problems of interaction between the CSTO member states within the framework of interparliamentary cooperation. The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that, on the one hand, the tools of Russia’s parliamentary diplomacy are significant on the scale of military-political integration with other CSTO member states, and on the other hand, the emerging problems of this integration can be overcome through the use of inter parliamentary cooperation. The purpose of the article was to identify problematic aspects of the political cooperation of the CSTO member states, implemented within the framework of the activities of the CSTO Parliamentary Assembly.
The objectives of the article are: firstly, to analyze the problems of the internal organization and structure of the CSTO Parliamentary Assembly; secondly, to identify institutional problems in the implementation of legislative and other functions of this body.
The methodology of the article is presented by the institutional method, the analysis of event series. A new view is proposed on solving the problems of interparliamentary interaction, including through the modification of the functions and structure of the CSTO Parliamentary Assembly. In particular, the author, as a general conclusion, suggests measures to intensify efforts in the field of harmonization and unification of the national legislation of the CSTO member states, to expand the potential for using the tools of parliamentary diplomacy of the Russian Federation in modern conditions. The article reveals the flaws of model lawmaking as a promising direction for the further development of military-political integration. The author believes that for the successful functioning of the CSTO, it is necessary to develop a unified policy involving the effective use of parliamentary diplomacy, which will improve the coordination of the activities of bodies in the field of collective security.