Fundamental economic and political changes at the beginning of 2022 force us to revise or refine traditional approaches to issues of national economic development. The growing conflict leads to the fact that attention to the Arctic as a region is constantly increasing. The risks of economic interference of non-Arctic countries in the affairs of Russia have significantly increased. The ecology of the Arctic is becoming the subject of international speculation.

This article is devoted to the problem of the political and legal substantiation of the actions of state authorities to determine and declare the need for various forms of “peace operations” in the framework of the common interests of the international community and the common goals of international and collective security systems for other participants in international communication.

Aim. Eliminate methodological problems in defining the content of terms “peacebuilding”, “peacekeeping (peace enforcement)” while institutionalizing the use of force within the framework of universal and regional agreements in the field of security.

tasks. Formulate the lines of reasoning for the actions of state authorities in the field of political and legal substantiation of the use of national armed formations outside the national territory to solve the problems of maintaining and restoring international peace and security.

Methodology. In the course of the study, the author turned to resolutions and transcriptsof meetings and other documents of the Security Council and the UN General Assembly, international normative legal acts, model acts of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Collective Security Treaty Organization and the Interparliamentary Assembly of CIS member states. To draw conclusions, a search for facts and objective connections between them was carried out to confirm that the modern practice of states is carried out in accordance with the ideals underlying the modern system of ensuring international security, built around the UN paradigm, which in turn is aimed at protecting human dignity and deliverance from the scourge of war.

results. The use of armed force is often a necessary condition both for maintaining peace and for preventing the outbreak, escalation, continuation and renewal of conflicts. Preservation of peace in a broad sense should be interpreted as a goal and as a process of forming a common vision of the international community based on the needs of all actors. However, many problems of political mobilization of both national and international communities are generated by incongruities in understanding the content of a number of basic concepts that shape the interaction of states and circulate in public discourse. That is, the improvement of the “language” in which the main international actors conduct discourse in the field of ensuring international security is an objective necessity for the development of a modern theoretical and methodological base for the process of legitimization of political decisions by government authorities.

Conclusions. To ensure the coordination of the wills of the participants in international communication, decisions of state authorities to take action on the use of force outside the national territory to protect common interests should be based on a unified interpretation of the content of the concepts of “peacebuilding”, “peacekeeping (peace enforcement)” as a “fair use of force” in order to be uniformly acceptable for various political regimes and correspond to the national-cultural, religious and other traditions of different peoples.

Continuation of the article. Devoted to the causes, manifestations, circumstances, results and global consequences of US-China trade war in 2018–2021. Based on the analysis of management decisions, expert assessments, statistics and opinion polls, the author makes judgments and assumptions about the continuity of US policy, provoking and aggravating conflict relations between the two countries, as well as contributing to their penetration into all spheres of politics, economy, culture and even sports. At the same time, consistent and adequate measures on the part of the People’s Republic of China, which have a predominantly defensive orientation, are taken into account. At the same time, the anti-Chinese trade, investment, and technology policy, which was already carried out under Donald Trump in the name of ensuring the national security of the United States, and under Joe Biden actually turned into a hybrid cold war, is interpreted in the context of causal relationships characterizing the crisis of the neoliberal model of capitalism and the intentions of the world elite to restart the Bretton Woods system by switching to “green” energy. The most important resource of the transformation that has begun is the ideology of justifying any sanctions and other strong-willed decisions of the “democratic” Western states led by the United States against the “authoritarian” losers of the energy transition. Consequently, the “trade war” of the USA and China, objectively acting as an instrument of disorganization of the global world and a powerful limiter of globalization based on “market fundamentalism”, becomes the demiurge of the new globalization projected on the platform of “ideological fundamentalism”. In the situation of a multipolar world and the intensified rivalry of nuclear powers, restarting the world economy through a global war seems impossible. On the contrary, the mechanism of collecting a “green” contribution in favor of potential beneficiaries of the new globalization has not yet been tested. Within this perspective, the US-China trade war becomes not only an existential concern of the US and its allies, but also a problem of China’s survival. Obviously, this circumstance explains the emerging rapprochement between the PRC and the Russian Federation in the direction of pooling resources and forming a military-political alliance.

The development of environmental programs in modern conditions is characterized by the ESG transformation of the economy. In the EU, which is the most important importer of Russian steel products, a new carbon tax will be levied from 2025–2026, which will increase the costs of domestic producers by more than 20%. The peculiarity of the new tax is that it applies to the industry value chain, including suppliers and consumers of metal, which jeopardizes other sectors of the national economy.

The purpose of the study is to identify the problems and risks generated by the transition of Russian ferrous metallurgy companies to ESG principles of management. The object of research is ESG transformation of the economy. The subject of the study is the problems and risks of the Russian ferrous metallurgy formed by the ESG transformation. General scientific methods were used, such as: analysis, synthesis, abstraction, modeling, generalization. It is established that the ESG transformation of the economy makes the restructuring of Russian metallurgical companies inevitable. At the same time, domestic companies lag behind Western ones in the development of technologies that lead to a zero carbon footprint. Inefficient work to reduce the carbon footprint leads to the payment of carbon tax on foreign markets, fines on the domestic market, prevents the receipt of “green” financing. Starting from 2026, the financial condition of metallurgical companies will rapidly deteriorate. The implementation of the Targeted (intensive) development scenario provided for by the “Strategy of Socio-economic Development of the Russian Federation with low Greenhouse Gas Emissions until 2050” and the active support of the state will help to maintain the position in the markets.

Obviously, the dynamics of carbon dioxide emissions depends on the volume and structure of consumption of primary energy resources in the economy. The world’s energy consumption shows a growth trend temporarily interrupted during times of economic crisis. The most noticeable decrease in energy consumption in modern history occurred in 2020, which was due to a decline in business activity in the world due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This caused a decrease in carbon emissions (by more than 6% compared to 2019). In the structure of primary energy sources, the largest reduction was in oil consumption. The paper examines the impact of economic crises on the evolution of the mutual link between the dynamics of oil production and carbon dioxide emissions in the world. To detect correlations in local time regions, it is proposed to interpolate process dynamics with cubic splines. Using this toolkit avoids the limitations of classical econometrics on the length of time series. The differentiability of the built spline models allowed us to move on to identifying and analyzing latent correlations in fluctuations in the instantaneous growth rate of oil production volumes and carbon emissions.

The article analyzes the modern labor market, shows the changes that have occurred in the labor market as a result of the pandemic: the strengthening of information and communication technologies in the structure of professional activity, changes in forms of employment, changes in the forms of labor organization, transformation of professions, the emergence of new professions. The influence of these changes on youth employment has been investigated. The definition of “youth” is given, the main characteristics of young people aged 20–24 years — generation Z are analyzed, a large statistical material is provided that confirms the position of this generation in the labor market, national and federal projects aimed at solving youth employment are considered, problems that require their solution are formulated.

The article discusses the practical aspects of the formation of a postgraduate training system in the conditions of a scientific and industrial organization. The results of the analysis of the process and the results of the organization of training are presented, aspects of the implementation of the educational process of graduate students in modern conditions are considered. The main emphasis is placed on methodological approaches to the formation of objectified assessments of the effectiveness of the educational process, taking into account the individual characteristics of the educational trajectories of graduate students. Samples of forms and examples of presentation of the results of control tests are given.

The second part of the article continues to consider the new approach to public administration and social structure proposed in the first part with the involvement of the neuroscientific method of social neurosciences. The advantage of the neuroscientific method of social neurosciences is that it provides empirical validation of theoretical positions; is focused on humans, as it studies the neurobiological response of humans in different areas of social life; shows the person’s true attitude to the situation before their conscious control; demonstrates how the social device affects the brain, a person’s neuropsychiatric state, behavior, and health in general.

Aim of the article is to identify global, national and local trends in the development of higher education and science, which should be taken into account when strategizing the scientific and innovative activities of a regional university (in the conditions of the Kemerovo region — Kuzbass).

Materials and methods. The methodological and theoretical basis of the study is the theory of strategy and the strategy methodology developed by V. L. Kvint (Moscow State University named after M. V. Lomonosov), which made it possible to substantiate the analysis of opportunities and threats as the initial stage of strategizing the scientific and innovative activities of a regional university. The methods of OTSW-analysis, economic-statistical analysis, comparative analysis were used Analytical and forecast documents of authoritative Russian and international organizations dealing with the problems of science and higher education were used.

results. 12 trends of various levels are identified that determine the opportunities and threats for the strategic development of scientific and innovative activities in the universities of the Kemerovo region — Kuzbass. At the global level, these include a decrease in demand for higher education and the need for scientific and innovative diversification; the growth of the global research and development market, especially in certain niches; growth in the share of research and development funding by commercial organizations; influence on the research topics of the international agenda, including the UN sustainable development goals. The main national trends are instability and limited funding for research and development, the growing interest of the state in fundamental research; maintaining a low level of integration of universities with business with the growth of the innovative activity of the latter; the growing stratification of the domestic higher education. In the Kemerovo region — Kuzbass, the most important trends are the structural transformation of the traditional university system with increased competition among universities; limited demand for research and development, not corresponding to the economic importance of the region; creation of institutional foundations for the development of scientific and innovative activities and the strategic goals of Kuzbass for scientific and technological development, which determine promising areas of research.

Conclusions. Based on the analysis of strategically significant trends, the first stage of the OTSW analysis was implemented, the opportunities and threats that determine the strategic development of research activities of the universities of the Kemerovo region — Kuzbass were identified.

The article describes the general principle of open government reforms. This is a universal model, suitable for any countries with small adjustments. The concept of openness enshrines the basic principles of openness of federal executive bodies, tasks and mechanisms (tools) for their implementation and contains a system of strategic guidelines in the field of ensuring openness and transparency of public administration, accountability and control of power to civil society and the formation of an effective dialogue between federal executive bodies and citizens, public associations and the business community. The scientific novelty lies in the study of the model of open government reforms and the identification of the benefits of implementation. The methodological basis of the study is the works of modern authors, revealing the issues of the emergence of open government reforms and their impact on modern states. As a result, the main stages of implementation of open government reforms have been formed, and the features of the application of reforms in the Russian Federation are described.

The article considers the philosophical significance of the work of A. P. Chekhov. The author proceeds from the fact that it meets the main requirement that determines the meaning of philosophical doctrine — the focus on creating an image of the world, immersion in which creates new opportunities for reflection on the theme of the meanings of human existence. One of the most important topics that made up the subject of interest of the writer was the topic of “flight from freedom,” which later found conceptual expression in the works of E. Fromm. The author shows that the figurative philosophy of Chekhov in many of its moments anticipated the categorical constructions of E. Fromm, and in a number of aspects gave a more subtle and diverse idea of the forms of such flight.

The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that in modern conditions the relevance of the topic is due to the fact that in modern conditions the role and importance of patriotic education of the younger generation is increasing. Youth is the future of the country and is the barometer of society. The processes that are taking place in the country and around the world are confirmation that young people want to actively participate in the political life of the country, increasing its rating in the international arena. And in this case, history presents an example of the service of faith and truth to the Russian state by Empress Catherine the Great, who set the main goal to revive the power of the Russian Empire and improve the life of the country’s population. Ekaterina, upon taking office, was engaged in reforming the system of public administration, carrying out customs and monetary reforms, increasing the territory of the Russian state, increasing the population of the country, actively counteracting bribery, educating the younger generation, preparing “a new breed or new fathers and mothers, morally perfect”.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the significance of the philosophical and ethical postulates of Confucianism for China’s modern foreign policy. To achieve this goal, the article required the use of theoretical research methods: analysis, synthesis, abstraction, as well as the formal logical method. The evolution of China’s foreign policy attitudes is studied from the standpoint of the historical method. The result was an analysis of the role and significance of the Confucian doctrine and, in particular, its ethical component, for the formation of China’s modern foreign policy doctrine. The example of the implementation of the policy of soft power shows the embodiment of the main ethical postulates of Confucianism in the foreign policy of the Chinese state under the leadership of Xi Jinping. The role of Confucius Institutes in the implementation of soft power policy is noted. The significance of the ethics of Confucianism for China’s modern international policy in terms of the country’s inclusive orientation towards harmonious and friendly coexistence with major partners on a global scale is revealed. It is concluded that a deep understanding of Confucian thought enriches the understanding of China’s modern foreign policy and, in particular, how the head of the Chinese state, Xi Jinping, is trying to appeal to a global audience.