The article analyzes the legal problems existing in the regulation of relations that arose as a result of counteracting acts of international  terrorism; the provisions of Russian legislation and legal act of some  foreign states, as well as the principles and norms of international law in the field of combating terrorism are being examined; gaps and  contradictions in legal regulation in the antiterrorist sphere are revealed, which require legislative consolidation and international legal regulation.

In any specific case of the use of armed violence, the question of its legitimation arises, that is, the need to justify the validity of an act  of use of force in the language of the law. In general, the model of  the legal regime for the use of force to counter terrorism and other manifestations of violent extremism converges to a search for  a balance between norms applied, depending on the forces, means  and methods of warfare used: the norms of International  Humanitarian Law are to be applied to a greater extent when  antigovernment groups maintain control of a part of territory of a  state, International Human Rights Law — in the course of “law  enforcement” actions, when antigovernment forces do not exercise  such a control. The author describes the features of the political- legal rationale of the use of force in internal armed conflicts  interrelated with countering terrorism and other violent  manifestations of extremism:
• there are important peculiarities that unify differing rules of law applicable to the international armed conflict, and applicable to  internal armed conflict and other situations of violence;
• there are sovereign restrictions on the application of international law in internal armed conflicts and other situations of violence;
• there are modern agreed restrictions on the use of means and methods of warfare in internal armed conflicts and other situations of violence;
• as a result, joint regulations comprise a highly specific share of customary international law and a significant amount of «law enforcement» norms.

In this article key problems of ensuring of historical component in training of economists and managers as a whole and separate economic subjects specifically are discussed. The shorts in the contemporary  economic education, that are closely associated with historical training  limiting, are covered. Some methodic issues of teaching of the historical and simultaneously economic subjects are discussed also.

The reality of the present time is the qualitative complication of mining and geological conditions for the development of oil and gas  resources, which creates higher costs and risks for the participants in the process. The key importance of the Russian oil  and gas sector for the economy of the country makes it necessary to find solutions to minimize the financial losses of oil companies, which will allow enterprises to enter the path of innovative development.  An obligatory condition for the innovative development of enterprises of the oil and gas sector in the modern world space is the choice of  an adequate model of their behavior that reflects the set of changing factors of the external and internal environment. The purpose of the  study is to develop a basic model for maximizing the added value of  an oil and gas company on the basis of alignment of interests. The possibility of applying the model of maximization of value added  by enterprises of the oil and gas sector of Russia is due to the  feature of production and redistribution of value in integrated  structures, such as large oil and gas companies. The implementation of the value-added model will allow the Russian oil and gas sector to  form strategic competitive advantages and create conditions for  balanced sustainable development in the unfavorable situation on  the world markets of hydrocarbon raw materials.

Approaching to health care digital economy gives dramatic new opportunities for regulation. At the same time information  transparency leads to civil society growth of trust. The Russian “Digital Economy” program provides considerable means  until 2024. The Ministry of Health also develops the Uniform state information system of health care. Compliance of these efforts to modern scientific paradigms of digital  economy and to the nowadays world trends in digital health care  with the purpose to estimate correctness of the directions and  approaches chosen are analysed. On the basis of the modern theory  of management in the sphere of difficult social and economic  systems the analysis of the best world practices compliance to  features of the of digital health care applications in Russia the  conclusion that outdated hierarchical principles of control and  regulation need to be refused is drawn. The new conceptual model on the basis of community of autonomous network agents is offered.

The article is aimed to analyze meaning of «social tourism». The importance of social tourism as a mechanism providing the opportunity  to make travel and recreation accessible to all segments of the  population is observed. In this regard, beside economic aspects of social tourism the article is also dealt with ethical aspects. The issue of  classifying groups of people, who needs support in performing their  right for the rest, for most efficient leisure and efficient allocation of  financial resources and time, is being raised.

The problem of effective management of the intangible assets is quite serious in the circumstances when the rapid information flow  about the functioning of any company (industrial enterprise) may  alter its market value quite fast. Chief among the intangible assets is business entity’s reputation that is manifested as goodwill in various  cases on the entity’s balance sheet. The system of managing  business reputation created by the author must be transpired into  the mission, tasks and KPIs of the management team in order to  both improve the reputation and increase the market value of the entity.

Materials & Methods: the holistic model of the quantitative management of the enterprise’s reputation (goodwill) developed by  the author includes: 1) managing of the reputation by influencing the structure of value added (profit, amortization and  salary); 2) managing of the enterprise’s business reputation via  influencing the structure of capital (whereas π1 — is the ratio of current assets to total assets and π2 — the indicator of the  enterprise’s cover with the own and long term credits and 3)  managing of goodwill based on the rating valuation utilizing the  financial coefficients. This model of the quantitative valuation of  goodwill carries scientific value and is the product of author’s long  term research. In the work the author also presents the organizational chart of carrying out calculations to manage business  reputation of the enterprise with the detailed description of five steps for management in the public company (from collection and  preparation of data about market value of the company and its  goodwill to confirmation of the action plan with the participants of  the process and enterprise’s top officials to manage goodwill in the long-term).

Results: the author describes in detail management actions targeted at enhancing the business reputation depending on the  value added characteristics and on the capital structure, namely  decreasing or increasing of salaries; increasing or decreasing the  value of amortization; increasing or decreasing the size of current  assets or short term debt). The author also highlights potential conflicts among various departments of the enterprise  while managing the business reputation and outlines potential  solutions to these conflicts through the creation of the formalized  internal system of mitigation and reaching the agreement.

Discussion & Conclusions: the result of the conducted research is the adaptation of a unique model of its quantitative valuation of  business reputation with its subsequent management to enhance market value of the whole company via increase in value  added and improvement of the capital sctructure.

In the article the market of passenger air transportation is modelled, as theoretical model the system of the equations demand-supply is  used. Results of assessment of model on data on domestic market  for 2013 show that demand is a little more sensitive to the change in price, than the supply. In addition, according to the received estimates, demand is expected above with a growth of number and the income of the  population and during the periods of the increased tourist activity whereas growth of airport collecting significantly reduces the offer of airlines. In the work, the case analysis of separate effects in  the market of passenger air transportation is carried out also. Results demonstrate that in the absence of other shocks  leaving of Transaero from the market had to lead to increase in  prices on the corresponding routes for 4,6%. In addition, calculation  of potential dynamics of a passenger traffic depending on realization  of one of three scenarios of the taxation in the oil sector has been carried out.

Promotion of innovation in the region depends directly on the effective stimulation of regional authorities and the commercial  sector to actively develop all sectors of the economy of the country. The effectiveness of the process of innovative development  in the regions is largely determined by the quality of the choice by  government agencies of tools to implement the strategy of innovative development. In modern scientific research, the  classification of instruments of state support for the development of  innovation at the regional level has several types. We consider the  main classification: direct and indirect tools to support innovative  development and the specifics of their use. The basis of the toolkit  for state support of innovative development of the region is the  regulatory framework, we consider the normative and legal basis for  development in the region, both in the form of regional laws and in  the form of a regional development program. The article analyzes  the composition of the program of social and economic development  of the Leningrad region and its practical importance as a tool for  state support of innovative development. Also, the dynamic process of innovation development in the Leningrad Region for the period  2014–2017 was studied, the main advantages and disadvantages of  the region’s innovative development, peculiarities of the infrastructure and the quality of using the existing potential of the  region were revealed. The main instruments of state support of  innovative development in the region are analyzed and the main ratings of innovative development are given. The importance of  clustering in the region and creation of additional business parks and Nano-centers for the development of high-tech industries was noted  and analyzed. On the basis of the analysis, the main problems of  innovation development in the region and the main directions of  development of the toolkit for state support of innovations were  revealed. A special place is given to the features of innovative development, the potential and opportunities of the region, provided  that the quality tools of state support are used.

Under the conditions of globalization the economic development policy gains a crucial importance in the activities of international organizations. The complexity of problems that are emerging forces the UN to look for  solutions. One of the ways to do it is an attempt to implement a global  management model in the framework of sustainable development policy. The article reviews the evolution of development policy mechanisms and algorithms of interaction between various actors of international relations under the auspices of the United Nations.

The article is dedicated to the International Day against Corruption, which is celebrated annually on December 9. Corruption as a  complex socio-economic phenomenon is generated by a variety of  reasons, most of which have already been identified and subjected  to comprehensive analysis. But in Russia, corruption has become  monstrous, extremely corrupt local, regional and federal officials  mock openly over helpless legislation, the consequences of which are seen in the flight of capital from the country, and in the  recession / stagnation of the national economy, and in the tragic  events of recent times. In the end, corruption undermines the basis for the economic security of the Russian state and undermines  the emerging clusters of the national idea. The author of the  material continues to understand the causes of corruption and considers the vital issues of this so far insufficiently successful struggle and inefficient counteraction to corruption phenomena that  are found in various areas of life and not only our society but also  many other countries. The author also tries to find out how  corruption is interpreted in the views of the main world religions —  Christianity (partly), Islam and national religion — Judaism. The  article gives historical reminiscences and authorial comments on the text fragments of the main written sources of these religions.  Judgments about the origins, roots and main causes, of course, of an immoral, harmful and destructive phenomenon — corruption, which  deeply impressed the national economies of many developed and  most developing countries of the planet, are being voiced. The  author cites episodes of corruption from the Scriptures of the world  religions, gives his own, sometimes controversial or controversial interpretation. At the end of the article, the author  expresses his opinion on measures to combat corruption in the form  of three independent conclusions. The author’s attempt to express  his attitude to the accumulated experience of the sacred struggle  against corruption, which is very contradictory in its quality, boils  down to the following: instead of solving a concrete, fixed and  described problem, it is attempted to reformulate and belittle its  danger through sophisticated connotations.

We analyzed the results of associative experiment the stimulus names “official”, “man-servant” and “woman official” in the student’s  environment bachelors training areas “Journalism” and “Advertising and  public relations”. The model of the stereotypical image of an official on  the basis of image and reputational characteristics.

Key problem of social partnership is ensuring stable development of society without social shocks. In the conditions of development of market economy, emergence of socially responsible business need of effective coordination of  interests of work and the capital becomes obvious. Social  partnership gives a unique opportunity of constructive dialogue and  allows prevent growth of social tension. In a number of foreign  countries the models of social partnership defining an order of  interaction of labor unions, associations of employers and the state.  The institute of social partnership still passes the formation period in  Russia. Emergence of the Russian model of social partnership is real  strategic prospect, which will fully allow realizing the principles of the social state and will open a way to new type of interaction between society and the state.

The article is devoted to problems of the Russian childish press, its economic condition and the prospects of development and definition of the place, which is taken by the childish press in the system of modern communication  channels with youth and in the state information policy of Russia. Authors point to insufficient attention of the state to  problems of the childish press, the actual lack of state programs of  its support, carry out comparison with foreign practice of support of  the press. The analysis of a number of normative documents is  carried out. Also in the article the review of childish magazines in the media market is given. The questions of financing of childish media,  involvement of readers and distribution of circulations of the edition as to essential elements of system of support of the childish  press are raised.

This article explores the problem addressing the problem of the dynamics of the processes of influencing voters’ audience from a  variety of sources, including television, network and print media. Any theory, in whatever sphere of human being it exists, performs three  important functions: description, explanation, prediction. The same  applies to theories that reveal the essence of ways and means of  political communications. The paper considers three main  sociological methodologies for assessing the role of the media in the  process of influencing voter audiences. The author determined that  in connection with the globalization and technological progress that has taken place, the traditional media lost the monopoly on  information, and, in fact, ceased to be the «fourth power», and  voters largely independently determine media content. The  interaction of traditional television and print media (very often  administratively managed) with the decentralized network helps to  form a political agenda. Traditional media identify specific public  inquiries generated in online communities, and hand them over to the «pper» levels of government.

This article examines the US strategy in the Central Asian region, in the post-Soviet period. Particular attention is paid to the changes in the US  strategy in the region over time. I also paid attention to the immediate  prospects for the development of US policy in the Central Asian region  in connection with the priorities announced by the new US president.

In article relationship of the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) and the Roman R Catholic church (payment processing center) in 20-е years  of the 20th century are analyzed. During this period interaction of Orthodox Christians of Russia and Catholics couldn’t be carried out because of establishment of the Soviet power. Atheistic  policy of Bolsheviks has interrupted a possibility of development of  dialogue with Vatican. The similar situation was characteristic of  interaction of ROC and with other Christian religions. However the  Russian emigration assisted in building relations with Vatican. In the  second half of the 20th of the relation with ROC with Vatican have  begun to renew because of interest of the Soviet government to  come to the international scene. For this reason during this period  there has taken place a number of meetings of representatives of  ROC with Catholics.

The article is devoted to the study of the ways of formation and evolution of the Russian protoglossy magazine periodicals of the  XVIII–XIX centuries, the Analysis of the aspect features of the journals Zritel sveta, Modnoye ezhemesyachnoye izdaniye,  “Gorodskaya i derevenskaya biblioteca, Lekarstvo ot skuki i zabot,  Chteniye dlya vkusa, razuma I chuvstvovaniy, Sankt-Peterburgskiy Mercuriy”, Chto-nibud ot bezdelya na dosuge, Zhurnal  priyatnogo, lubopytnogo I zabaavnogo chteniya, publications of the  books of P. I. Shalikov etc. made it possible to ascertain the  following: 1) All magazines of the named direction had the purpose  not so much to present features of secular life of Europe of the  second half of XVIII century and to fix some fashionable tendencies,  as to enlighten the Russian readers, to investigate the principles of  formation of such way of life which allows at constant moral  improvement to find rest in “pleasure of heart and breaking of boring thoughts with excellent, amusing, ridiculous and intricate legends”; 2) Subject area of publications under review was located  in accordance with the interests of the  Russian young nobility, which served out, but had enough time and interest to get acquainted with  “fun and pleasure” seeking “the cure for boredom and worries”; 3)  According to the method of mapping the world and human Russian  proto-journal periodicals focused on information and artistic- documentary type of submission materials, although the methods of  studying reality often chose non-communicative techniques; 4)  Journalistic texts from the point of view of their literary and generic  properties (strict documentary, actuality, the construction of the plot according to the logic of thought of the narrator, an inclusive  composition) and architectonics were represented by notes,  information correspondence, articles, essays-biographies. 

This article presents some results of the current study of ball’s culture in the framework of the project on the reconstruction of historical practices of the cultural heritage of St. Petersburg, an UNESCO World Heritage site. The  economy of impressions and presentation of the authenticity of the  commercial project during the reconstruction of the ball of the XIX  century are considered. The work uses sociological methods of  document analysis, semiotic analysis of posters of the XIX–XXI  centuries. The results of interviews of ball’s participants and survey  of young people about the ballroom culture are analysed. The  reconstruction of the historical ball in the mansion of P. N. Demidov was phenomenologically and anthropologically examined.